Global Burden Of Hpv In Cancers And Diseases: Prevalence And Role Of Hpv
The highest HPV prevalence is observed to be 24% in Saharan Africa, 21% in Eastern Europe and 16% in Latin America. In majority of the populations, the highest prevalence of HPV is observed in women younger than 25 years. The prevalence reduces in older women with some having an increased rate in pri- or early-menopause. Although these prevalences are observed for many populations, in some others like China, the HPV prevalence is age-independent. On the other hand, HPV prevalence remains to be at a constant rate across all age groups in countries like Asia and Africa. The reason of different prevalences observed in different populations worldwide are not very well understood, but it is possible that it varies due to the age of initial sexual activity, the number of partners and the habits of the sexual activities.
Podophyllin Resin And Podofilox
Podophyllin resin, an antimitotic plant compound , is applied with a cotton-tipped swab, allowed to dry, and washed off completely after 1-4 hours. Applications may be administered once or twice weekly for as many as 6 weeks. Do not treat pregnant patients with podophyllin.
Podofilox 0.5% solution or gel has a stable shelf life, need not be washed off after use, and is less likely to cause systemic toxicity. However, podofilox has not been approved for urethral, rectal, perianal, vaginal, or cervical warts.
What Is A Uti
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, refers to a bacterial infection in any part of your urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Most UTIs affect the lower urinary tract, comprising the urethra and bladder. UTIs can become more severe as they reach the kidneys.
Symptoms of a urinary tract infection include:
- A frequent, persistent urge to urinate
- Burning sensation or pain when urinating
- Frequently passing small amounts of urine
- Urine appearing cloudy, red, bright pink, or cola-colored
- Urine that has a strong smell
- Pelvic pain
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I Feel Sluggish All The Time Could My Thyroid Be To Blame
Absolutely. As a matter of fact, women suffer from underactive thyroid and overactive thyroid problems at a much higher rate than men. A simple blood test can determine the levels of thyroid hormone in your body and your doctor can then prescribe a course of action.For information on symptoms and risk factors
History And Physical Examination
Suspect urethral warts when patients with genital warts present with pyuria or urethral discharge. Intraurethral warts may be a cause of recurrent meatal warts. Urethral and bladder involvement with condylomata is often associated with immunosuppression. HIV-positive men who practice receptive anal intercourse may present with anal and intra-anal warts. Other groups of immunosuppressed persons may develop perianal lesions but not intra-anal warts, which are due to transfer of the virus inside the anus.
Carefully assess the external genitalia of patients presenting with a typical sexual history and symptoms suggestive of urethral involvement. Include investigations to exclude other, concomitant sexually transmitted diseases . Offer current sexual partners of the patients an examination and treatment for macroscopically visible warts and other STDs. If screening of male partners is to be offered, specimens obtained from penile and urethral brushing for HPV DNA detection appear to be the most accurate. Semen may be an alternative to urethral brushing.
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Cervical Cancer Control: A Comprehensive Approach
The Global strategy towards eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem,adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2020, recommends a comprehensive approach to cervical cancer prevention and control. The recommended actions include interventions across the life course.
The life-course approach for cervical cancer prevention and control
Primary prevention |
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Girls 9-14 years
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From 30 years of age for women from the general population and 25 years of age for women living with HIV | All women as needed |
Girls and boys should also be offered, as appropriate
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Treatment of invasive cancer at any age
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Cervical cancer prevention should encompass a multidisciplinary, including components from community education, social mobilization, vaccination, screening, treatment and palliative care.
HPV vaccination
Clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance have shown that HPV vaccines are safe and effective in preventing infections with HPV infections, high grade precancerous lesions and invasive cancer .
Urethroscopy Cystoscopy And Anoscopy
Urethroscopy and/or cystoscopy are appropriate when acetowhite lesions or typical warts are located at the urethral meatus.
Fluorescence urethroscopy after the instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid improves the diagnostic yield of urethral warts not revealed by conventional endoscopy. One hour after urethral instillation of a 0.1% solution of 5-ALA and lidocaine jelly, the urethra is illuminated with blue excitation light with a wavelength of between 375 and 440. The condylomata fluoresce red because of increased accumulation of protoporphyrin IX synthesized from 5-ALA in the epithelial cells, differentiating them from normal mucosa, which fluoresces blue.
Anoscopy is used for the diagnosis of intra-anal lesions. If the warts are located above the dentate line, sigmoidoscopy is required.
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How Can I Help Prevent The Spread Of Genital Warts
- Keep the genital area clean and dry. You can use a hair dryer to help dry the area.
- Wash your hands thoroughly after touching the area with warts.
- Do not scratch the warts.
- Avoid sexual activity until the warts have completely healed.
- Use latex condoms during intercourse. Condoms can reduce your risk of getting genital warts, but warts can spread from areas not covered by a condom.
- Avoid having intercourse with multiple partners.
A vaccine is available to prevent types of HPV infections that are high risk for genital warts and cancer of the cervix. If you already have HPV, the vaccine will not cure your infection, but it will prevent infections with several other types of HPV.
The HPV vaccine is approved for boys, girls, men and women 9 to 26 years old. It is recommended for all girls 11 to 12 years old as part of their routine immunization schedule. It is given in 3 shots. The vaccine may protect against HPV for 5 years. Researchers are doing studies to see if a booster shot is needed after 5 years.
The vaccine is usually not given to pregnant women.
How Can You Avoid Genital Warts
- Get vaccinated against HPV.
- Certain types of HPV vaccines protect against the low-risk HPV that causes 90% of genital warts.
- HPV vaccine is safe for all females 9 to 26 years old.
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends all 11-12 year old girls get the HPV vaccine.
For more information, see Safer Sex.
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What Are Chronic Urinary Tract Infections
A chronic urinary tract infection is a repeated or prolonged bacterial infection of the bladder or urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
While urinary tract infections are common, some women suffer from repeated or recurrent infections .
Women suffering from chronic urinary tract infections may have:
- Two or more infections in a 6-month period and/or three or more infections in a 12-month period
- Symptoms that don’t disappear within 24 to 48 hours after treatment begins
- A urinary tract infection that lasts longer than two weeks
Chronic urinary tract infections can be a painful and frustrating disorder, but effective treatment is available.
Our Institutional Bkv Protocol In Transplanted Patients
BKV PCR-based search is performed every 3 months in the first year post-transplantation, every 6 months in the second year, and annually thereafter.
In case a billion copies/mL is found in the urine, BKV is searched in the blood. The threshold for an active treatment is a BKV plasma level of 5 log10 copies/mL. The search for SV40 on renal tissue is also performed in order to quantify the renal injury.
Our strategy in case of clinically significant BKV infection is based on three progressive steps:
- 1)
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antiviral therapy with levoflunamide, in case the above steps were ineffective
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How Are They Spread
Women can get genital warts from sexual contactwith someone who has HPV. Genital warts are spreadby skin-to-skin contact, usually from contact with thewarts. It can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral, or handgenitalsexual contact. Genital warts will spread HPVwhile visible, and after recent treatment. Long-termsexual partners usually have the same type ofwart-causing HPV.
How Does Hpv Affect Pregnancy
HPV does not affect your chances of getting pregnant, but it may cause problems during pregnancy.
Some possible problems during pregnancy include:
- Cervical cell changes. Continue to get regular cervical cancer screening during and after pregnancy to help your doctor find any changes.
- Genital warts that bleed and grow. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause any genital warts that you had before getting pregnant or that you get during pregnancy to bleed and grow .
- Cesarean section. If genital warts block the birth canal, you may need to have a cesarean section .
- Health problems in the baby. A woman with genital HPV can very rarely pass it on to her baby. Babies and children may develop growths in their airways from HPV. This rare but potentially serious condition is called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
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How Can I Prevent Hpv
There are two ways to prevent HPV. One way is get an HPV vaccine. The other way to prevent HPV or any STI is to not have sexual contact with another person.
If you do have sex, lower your risk of getting an STI with the following steps:
The steps work best when used together. No single step can protect you from every single type of STI.
Circumcision Diathermy And Excision
Circumcision serves to remove preputial lesions and provides exposure for treatment of urethral meatal warts and subsequent monitoring.
Transurethral resection of lesions using electrocautery loops can be performed for lesions in the prostatic urethra or for solitary lesions in the wider regions of the anterior urethra. The risk of urethral stricture precludes this method in widespread disease of the urethra. The use of a plastic quill as a shield during diathermic destruction of meatal warts minimizes the risk of circumferential thermal injuries and resultant strictures.
Surgical excision may be used with urethral lesions that were not adequately treated endoscopically or that recurred after laser or medical therapy. Reconstructive urethroplasty in the form of direct end-to-end anastomosis or graft replacement may be required, depending on the extent of urethra removed.
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Findings Help Explain Uti Link To Sexual Activity
- Date:
- Washington University School of Medicine
- Summary:
- A kind of bacteria found in the vagina may trigger recurrent UTIs, according to researchers. The findings help explain why sexual activity is associated with UTIs. When it gets into the bladder, the vaginal bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis causes dormant E. coli from a previous infection to start multiplying again, causing another UTI. Gardnerella may also contribute to more serious kidney infections, the study suggests.
About half of all women will experience urinary tract infections in their lifetimes, and despite treatment, about a quarter will develop recurrent infections within six months of initial infection.
A new study at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has uncovered a trigger of recurrent UTI infections: a type of vaginal bacteria that moves into the urinary tract.
The research, in mice, is published March 30 in PLOS Pathogens.
UTIs most often occur when bacteria that live inside the bowel make their way into the urinary tract. The infections can occur anywhere along the urinary tract but commonly develop in the bladder. UTIs are treated with antibiotics, but each time a UTI comes back makes it even more likely the infection will recur yet again.
Previous studies already had established that E. coli bacteria can create dormant hiding places for E. coli in the bladder and later be reactivated to cause infection. But this is the first study to identify a plausible trigger.
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How Long Will The Effects Last
Sometimes the warts may go away without treatment. They may, however, grow and form larger cauliflower-like clusters of warts.
Removal of the warts does not get rid of the virus, although the virus becomes dormant for varying lengths of times. Because you will still have the virus after treatment, other warts can grow. Recurrence can be treated using the same methods described above.
Certain types of HPV infection of the cervix can lead, in time, to cervical cancer in women. The HPV-6 and HPV-11 types of virus, which are the usual cause of genital warts, rarely lead to cancer and are called low-risk HPVs. High-risk types of HPVs cause growths that are usually flat and nearly invisible, as compared with the warts caused by types HPV-6 and HPV-11.
When To See Your Healthcare Provider
If youre experiencing bladder pain or pelvic discomfort that wont go away or is getting worse, reach out to your healthcare provider. Your provider can properly diagnose whats going on UTI or not and come up with a treatment plan that helps you feel better ASAP.
In-person office visits can be booked using your app or the One Medical website. If youd like to consult with a provider urgently in real time to help you make a plan, on-demand video chats can be requested from your One Medical app.
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How Do I Treat A Urinary Tract Infection
A urinary tract infection is caused by trauma to the urethral opening and can affect the urethra, bladder and kidneys. Most UTIs can be treated with oral antibiotics. However, if you get two or more infections within six months, you may need to take a low dose antibiotic for six months as a preventative measure.For more information
Treatment Of Cervical Pre
If treatment of pre-cancer is needed and eligibility criteria are met, ablative treatment with cryotherapy or thermal ablation are recommended. Both treatments are equally effective and safe and can be performed in an outpatient clinic.
In case of non-eligibility for ablative treatment or where there is suspicion of cervical cancer, women need to be referred to the right level of health services, where proper evaluation can be done with a colposcopy and biopsies. Excision treatment can be offered when appropriate, and in the case of cancer an individual treatment plan is designed depending on the stage of disease, the patients medical condition and preferences, and availability of health system resources.
When a woman presents symptoms of suspicion for cervical cancer, she must be referred to an appropriate facility for further evaluation, diagnosis and treatment.
Symptoms of early-stage cervical cancer may include:
- irregular blood spotting or light bleeding between periods in women of reproductive age
- postmenopausal spotting or bleeding
- bleeding after sexual intercourse and
- increased vaginal discharge, sometimes foul smelling.
As cervical cancer advances, more severe symptoms may appear including:
- persistent back, leg or pelvic pain
- weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite
- foul-smell discharge and vaginal discomfort and
- swelling of a leg or both lower extremities.
Other severe symptoms may arise at advanced stages depending on which organs the cancer has spread to.
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I Have Very Heavy Periods Is There Something Wrong With Me
Not necessarily, but it is definitely worth having your gynecology doctor give you some tests to determine. There are many reasons that you can be having a heavy period. It could be fibroid tumors, which often go away in time on their own. Or it could be cervical or endometrial polyps. In that case, removal of the polyps will be necessary.For more information
How Is Ureaplasma Transmitted
Ureaplasma is recognized as one of the most common bacteria responsible for causing human urogenital infections, including nongonococcal urethritis in men and pregnancy complications in women. Studies have detected the presence of bacteria in the vaginal flora of 40 percent of sexually inactive and 67 percent of sexually active women of reproductive age and 25 percent of postmenopausal women. The main transmission route of ureaplasma is sexual contact but it is not considered a classic sexually transmitted infection or STD. There is an increased chance of passing the infection to a fetus or newborn during labor if the mother gets a ureaplasma infection during pregnancy.
Approximately 80 percent of healthy women are found to have ureaplasma in their cervical or vaginal secretions, and the prevalence tends to be higher with increased sexual activity. It has been noted that vaginal infections with ureaplasma were higher among women who had multiple sexual partners.
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